Benchmark 1. Knows that energy is a
property of many substances (e.g., heat energy is in the disorderly motion of
molecules and in radiation; chemical energy is in the arrangement of atoms;
mechanical energy is in moving bodies or in elastically distorted shapes;
electrical energy is in the attraction or repulsion between charges)
Benchmark 3. Knows that states of
matter depend on molecular arrangement and motion (e.g., molecules in solids
are packed tightly together and their movement is restricted to vibrations;
molecules in liquids are loosely packed and move easily past each other;
molecules in gases are quite far apart and move about freely)
Benchmark 4. Knows how the Sun acts as a major source of energy for changes on the
Earth’s surface (i.e., the Sun loses energy by emitting light; some of this
light is transferred to the Earth in a range of wavelengths including visible
light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet radiation)
Benchmark 6. Knows that most chemical
and nuclear reactions involve a transfer of energy (e.g., heat, light,
mechanical motion, electricity)
Benchmark 11. Understands the origins
and environmental impacts of renewable and nonrenewable resources, including
energy sources like fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas)
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